I am a reformed former JavaScript hater.
In the 90s and early 2000s I muddled through JavaScript compatibility issues, poor performance and a lack of development & debugging tools. When ASP.NET came out, promising to hide me from the complexity of browser incompatibilities, I fully embraced server-side web development.
This approach may have worked in 2002, but it does not today. The world's expectations have been reset by Ajax, Google Maps, mobile web sites, high performance JavaScript engines, and fantastic libraries such as jQuery. Development & debugging tools have become powerful. We have a resurgence in HTML, CSS & JavaScript as an integrated web platform.
None of these advancements (except possibly jQuery) makes JavaScript intuitive to a C# developer. We just have to get over it. JavaScript is not going to be supplanted in its role and you will be a more valuable developer by embracing it.
If you are looking for a place to start, C# developers should watch Elijah Manor's Good JavaScript Habits for C# developers video (http://www.elijahmanor.com/2011/04/mix11-video-good-javascript-habits-for.html). He has a good list of links at the bottom of this post. Be sure to consider one of the JavaScript libraries as well - I recommend jQuery (http://httparchive.org/interesting.php#popularjslib).
O'Reilly publishes several excellent JavaScript books, all with a different angles on the language. I would also recommend the Script Junkie site (http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/scriptjunkie), the Douglas Crockford series at http://yuiblog.com/crockford/, Paul Irish's blog (http://paulirish.com/) and look up JavaScript videos from this year's MIX, TechEd, and Google IO conferences.